|
| leghisturl = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d097:HR00004:@@@R | introducedin = House | introducedbill = | introducedby = Edward Boland (D–MA) | introduceddate = January 5, 1981 | committees = House Intelligence (Permanent) | passedbody1 = House | passeddate1 = September 23, 1981 | passedvote1 = (355-57 ) | passedbody2 = Senate | passedas2 = | passeddate2 = March 18, 1982 | passedvote2 = (90-6 ), in lieu of | conferencedate = May 20, 1982 | passedbody3 = House | passeddate3 = June 3, 1982 | passedvote3 = (319-36 ) | agreedbody3 = | agreeddate3 = | agreedvote3 = | agreedbody4 = | agreeddate4 = | agreedvote4 = | passedbody4 = Senate | passeddate4 = June 10, 1982 | passedvote4 = (81-5 ) | signedpresident = Ronald Reagan | signeddate = June 23, 1982 | unsignedpresident = | unsigneddate = | vetoedpresident = | vetoeddate = | overriddenbody1 = | overriddendate1 = | overriddenvote1 = | overriddenbody2 = | overriddendate2 = | overriddenvote2 = | amendments = | SCOTUS cases = }} The Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982 (, ) is a United States federal law that makes it a federal crime for those with access to classified information, or those who systematically seek to identify and expose covert agents and have reason to believe that it will harm the foreign intelligence activities of the U.S., to intentionally reveal the identity of an agent whom one knows to be in or recently in certain covert roles with a U.S. intelligence agency, unless the United States has publicly acknowledged or revealed the relationship. ==History== The law was written, in part, as a response to several incidents where Central Intelligence Agency agents or officers' identities were revealed. Under then existing law, such disclosures were legal when they did not involve the release of classified information. In 1975, CIA Athens station chief Richard Welch〔Washington Post. ''(Obituary: Richard S. Welch )'' 29 Dec. 1975, A16. "The murder of Richard S. Welch, CIA station chief in Athens, was the entirely predictable result of the disclosure tactics chosen by certain American critics of the agency as part of their effort to destroy it." 〕 was assassinated by the Greek terrorist group November 17 after his identity was revealed in several listings by a magazine called ''CounterSpy,'' edited by Timothy Butz. A local paper checked with ''CounterSpy'' to confirm his identity.〔(Morton H. Halperin and National Security Issues—A Partial Record ), Congressional Record, United States Senate - July 15, 1994, pg. S9109.〕 However, the linkage between the publication of Welch's name and his assassination has been challenged by pundits that claim he was residing in a known CIA residency.〔Garwood, "Under Cover"〕 Another major impetus to pass the legislation was the activities of ex-CIA case officer Philip Agee during the 1960s and 1970s. Agee's book ''CIA Diary'' and his publication of the ''Covert Action Information Bulletin'' (''CAIB'') blew the cover of many agents. Some commentators say the law was specifically targeted at his actions, and one Congressman, Bill Young, said during a House debate, "What we're after today are the Philip Agees of the world."〔("Agee's Revenge" ) (''Reason'' 14 July 2005)〕 The law passed the House by a vote of 315–32, with all opposing votes coming from Democrats. The law passed the Senate 81–4, with the opponents being Democratic Senators Joseph Biden (currently Vice President of the United States), Gary Hart, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and Republican Senator Charles Mathias. Biden had written an op-ed column in the Christian Science Monitor published on April 6, 1982 that criticized the proposed law as harmful to national security. , there have been only two successful prosecutions involving the statute.〔http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0713/p01s02-uspo.html〕 In 1985, Sharon Scranage, a secretary in the CIA's office in Accra, Ghana, was sentenced to five years and served eight months, for giving the names of other agents to her boyfriend in Ghana. In January, 2013 John C. Kiriakou, a former CIA officer, who accepted a plea bargain, is serving a prison sentence for disclosing the name of another CIA officer to a reporter. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Intelligence Identities Protection Act」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|